The Internet group of world wide information highways and resources, is enabling the world to truly become an information society. It has been viewed as a prototype for the National Information Infrastructure(NII). Its origin can be traced to an experimental network established with finding from the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense(DoD)to enable the scientists engaged on DoD projects to communicate with one another. Starting in 1965, with four sites in the US, it soon grew to ten widely dispersed sites included those in the UKand Norway. Electronic mail over the ARPA net, as it was called, was a great success.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) took over the academic community network projects in the mid-1980′s, after defense traffic was moved away from the ARPA net to MILNET, in 1987, the NSF created NSF net.NSF upgraded the lines to 56 kbps to connect the five super computer centers. Regional and corporate networks were permitted to connect to the NSF net Geographically continuous chains were created by connecting networks to their nearest neighbors. Each chain was connected to a super-computer center. This enables any computer on any network to communicate with any other network computer by using the store and forward technique. It is the NSF net which was later christened as the Internet.

The Internet was continued to grow ever since. Traffic grew following the popular internet mail service, led to the upgrading of the SF net
backbone by IBM and MCI, and later they took over its management too. With this upgrading the internet moved to modern computers and faster links such as TI(1.544Mbps) and T3(44.3Mbps) Today, the Internet has two types of backbone, NSF net and commercial Internet. The US federal government which owns the NSF net forbid its commercial use. The commercial Internet, on the other hand comprises several private backbones run by a number of Internet, on the hand comprises several private backbones run by a number of Internet service Providers(ISPs). The users have to pay for Internet  services for access through these routes. One such private backbone is operated by Advanced Network and services (ANS), owned by IBM,MCI and Merit Inc.

It was only in 1991 that a set of small commercial networks, created the commercial Internet Exchange (CIN) for commercial use. Commercial collaboration,technical support by E-mail, pay for use database which were forbidden on the NSF net became possible on C1X, C1X gave a big boost to the growth of the Internet. The Internet is neither run nor owned by anyone. Every organization that is plugged into the Internet is responsible for it own computers.It is more or less anarchy. Among its advantages are, no member ship fees, no censorship as government control. The prominent disadvantages are that when something goes wrong, there is no central control to ask for help. However, a no of Internet technical Groups coordinate the Internets basic workings these area.

The Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) coordinates the operation, management, and evolution of the Internet. It has a major role in the
development of the Internets communication protocols. The Internet Research Task Force IRTF is connected with the long term research problems and technical issues confronting the internet. The Internet Architecture. Board (IAB) concerns itself with technical and policy issues involving the evolution of the Internets Architecture. IAB oversees the IETF and IRTF and ratifies major changes proposed by them. It performs the following functions:

• Reviewing Internet Standards

• Managing the publication process of request for documents.

• Performing strategic planning for the Internet, Identifying long-range problems and opportunities.

• Acting as an International technical policy liaison and representative for the Internet community.

• Resolving technical issues that cannot be treated within the IETF and IRTF framework.

• There is yet another organization called the Internet society which is considered as the ‘parent’ of the IAB-It does not run the Internet either. But its member do work, to keep it running smoothly. The charter of the Internet society has the following goals:

• To facilitate and support the technical evolution of the internet as a research and infrastructure, and to simulate the involvement of the scientific community, industry, government and others in the evolution of the Internet.

• To promote educational applications of Internet technology for the benefit of government, colleges and universities, Industry and the public at large.

• To provide a forum for exploration of few Internet applications, and to stimulate collaboration among organizations in their operational use of global internet.

Internet service provides have Network Entry Points (NTP) or point of presence(POP) through which users can get connected to the Internet. The user may be an individual wishing to connect only a PC, a small company with a system and a few terminals; an organization or a campus with a LAN and several PCs and servers on it, or a corporate entry having its own network comprising a LAN and/or WAN. The ISPs are thus required to provide connections of various types and speeds.

Dedicated connection:

A leased telephone line at 56 kbps or 64 kbps or a T1 line at 1.544mbps connects a gateway computer or router/bridge of a corporate LAN / WAN to the router of an ISP. At the high end, 73 line may be possible for a dedicated connection.

• On demand connection; This is more like a dedicated connection except that the user has to dial-up the ISP using modem or a ISDN.

• Dial-up shell Account: In this type of connection, a single user with a PC connects to the ISP’s computer, the user has to manually download his data from ISP’s computer using a protocol such as X-Modem, Z-Modem, or Kermit. ISP generally provides a direct Internet connection to the dial-up user, although it is not uncommon for very low-cost service providers to give only a UUCP connection to the Internet.

Serial line Internet protocol (SLIP) or point to point (PPP). SLIP / PPP account is more like an on-demand type of connection for a single-user PC. All the client application can be run directly from the PC.
The difference lies essentially in the Non-availability of the user to run a server through this account; a facility which is available to an on demand connection. This type of connection, therefore cannot be used as a gateway to a LAN.

• Part-time connection: This connection is based on the unix-to-unix copy protocol. A user organization may dial an ISP at periodic intervals, and transfer its mail etc.
  A single UUCP connection enables an organization to serve several mail users since it can in turn, route messages to other systems on the
  organization networks, using store and forward messaging. However, interactive internet client-server applications are not possible through
  UUCP.

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